Vocabulary exercises from BA Second year TU
The
following exercises are from BA second year TU. These vocabulary exercises are important
for examination too. Meaning of the words are given in Nepali too to assist the
learning.
1. Use a word or phrase from the list to complete each
item below.
|
i. attribute ii. factors iii.
responsible for iv. bring
about v.
blamed vi. Contributed to vii.
thanks to viii. consequences ix.
lead to x.
link |
1)
Immediately
after the Titanic sank, newspapers … blamed(दोष दिनु वा लगाउनु) …the ship’s
owners for the disaster.
2) Most experts agree that a number of … factors(कारण/ तत्त्व) …..played a
part in the sinking of the Titanic in 1912.
3) In 1940, only 15 percent of married women in the
United States had jobs outside the home. By 1980, the figure had risen to over
50 percent. To what can we … attribute(उत्तरदायी ठहराउनु) ….this major
change in women’s lives?
4) Some diseases – for example, AIDS – are often
associated with people’s behavior. Therefore, a basic question for preventive
medicine is this: how can we… bring about(गराउनु/ उत्पन्न गर्नु, वा
सम्पादन गर्नु) …. changes in behavior ?
5) Research has shown
that alcohol is … responsible
for(को लागी जिम्मेवार) ….a large number of traffic death.
6) Thanks to(धन्यवाद→को कारण)..advances in medical science, diseases that used to
kill millions of children a year are no longer a danger in many countries.
7) The talks between the employees and the company are
continuing. Both sides hope that the discussions will …
lead to(मार्गदर्शन गर्नु/ मार्ग मिल्नु) …..a
satisfactory agreement.
8) Improvements in diagnosis and treatment have … contributed to(योगदान गर्नु/ मद्दत गर्नु)
…..the falling death rate from
cardiovascular disease.
9) Actions can have … consequences(परिणाम/प्रभाव) …. we don’t intend. For example, we used DDT to kill harmful insects, but then the pesticide entered the food chain and
killed birds and animals.
10)
Research has
shown the … link(सम्बन्ध) …..between smoking and an increased risk of heart
disease.
2. From the list below, find the noun that best
continues an idea from the first sentence of each item. The boldface words will
help you.
|
i. Tendency ii. move iii. failures iv.
attempts v. views vi. incident vii. attitude viii.
statements ix.
circumstances x. achievement |
1)
The first
three tests of the new plane have been unsuccessful. These …failures (असफलता)…will slow development of the aircraft.
2)
The
government believes that the education system is weak that testing students
every year will improve it. These… views(दृष्टिकोण/ विचार) ……are not shared by many teachers and parents.
3)
Parents tend
to avoid talking about AIDS with their children. This … tendency
(प्रवृत्ति )….is a problem, all over the world all over the
world for programs meant to fight AIDS.
4)
For many
years, different teams tried to climb to the top of Mount Everest. None of
these … attempts (कोशिश/प्रयत्न) …..was successful until Edmund Hillary and Tenzing
Norgay reached the summit in 1953.
5)
Some people
want the government to limit cigarette advertising. Others think that such a/an
… move(कदम/ परिवर्तन) ….would be difficult because many politicians receive
support from the tobacco industry.
6)
John has just
lost his job, but he is eager to try something new. With this … attitude(मनोवृत्ति/ भावना).,I’m sure he’ll be successful.
7)
Medical
technology can keep a patient alive even when his or her brain has stopped
working. In such …circumstances (परिस्थिति/ अवस्था).., many people
believe, the life support equipment should be switched off and the patient
allowed to die.
8)
Last night a
fight broke out downtown outside City Hall. One person was seriously injured.
If you know anything about the … incident(घटना) ……, please contact the police.
9)
In 1954, a
British doctor and athlete was the first to run a mile in under four minutes.
It’s easy to forget this … achievement
(उपलब्धि) ……today , when many runners have broken this record.
10)
The striking
workers have said that the company has no interest in improving job safety. The
employers have complained that the workers want to destroy the company. These …
statements(वक्तव्य/ अभिव्यक्ति)……have not helped the two sides reach an agreement.
3. Complete the sentences with words from the list
below.
|
i. Properties ii.
reveals iii. construct iv. samples v. exposed to vi. innate vii. range viii. investigation ix.
consistent with x. mature |
1)One of the most interesting … properties(गुणहरू) ….of children’s early English is that is differs from
adult English in systematic ways.
2)To study the
development of a child’s English,
you first need to record … samples(नमूनाहरु) …of his or her speech regularly over a period of a
year or longer.
3)An examination of the data… reveals(प्रकाश पार्नु/ देखाउछ)..regular
patterns of substitution on a child’s speech.
4)Young children automatically acquire the accent of the
people whose speech they are most often … exposed to(सामुने हुनु/ सामना गर्नु) …..
5)Children’s emerging language differs from mature
English, but it is systematic. This is evidence that children … construct (बनाउनु, निर्माण गर्नु) …their own linguistic rules from the language in
their environment.
6)All normal children acquire the language of their
environment perfectly. This is evidence that the capacity to learn language is
… innate(जन्मजात/प्राकृतिक/स्वाभाविक) ….in humans.
7)Children acquire the phonological rules of spoken
English very early. Their vocabulary, however, continues to expand as they … mature(परिपक्व हुनु) ……
8)Although initial evidence suggests human error as a
possible cause, the official … investigation(अनुसन्धान)..into the accident could take a year or more.
9)The data provided by this new study are … consistent with (समान, उस्तै) …those from three other studies.
10)
Although a US
undergraduate may major in English, he or she must take courses in a variety of
other subjects, which can … range(विस्तार हुनु) ….from astronomy
to sociology.
4. Complete the sentences with words from the list
below.
|
i. policy ii.
approves of iii.
assimilate iv.
settled v.
native vi. committed vii. issue viii. likely
ix.
racial x.
reflect |
1)
There is a
good news for the government. The latest opinion polls show that 65 percent of
the public …
approves
of(अनुमोदन गर्नु/ स्वीकार गर्नु/ स्वीकृति दिनु/प्रशंसा गर्नु/मान्नु)..the way it is running the country.
2)
The majority
of nineteenth-century immigrants … settled
(बसोबास गरेका) ….in the cities of the East and Mid-west, but some
moved west into areas that were
populated by Native Americans.
3)
The
immigration… policy(नीति) ….of the United States changed during the twentieth
century. Until 1965, it favored Europeans, but then it became fairer and more
open.
4)
When
Europeans settled in the Americans and elsewhere, they often oppressed the … native(आदिबासी,
मूलवासी) …people they found there.
5)
In a few
generations, most European immigrants were able to … assimilate(समावेश हुनु/मिल्नु) …fully
into US society. The Old Order Amish, however, still live, work, and marry
within their own communities.
6)
Only 35
percent of the people feel that the president is doing a good job in the
economy. These low approval figures … reflect
(प्रतिबिम्बित गर्छ/प्रकट गर्छ)...people’s dissatisfaction with the latest unemployment
numbers, the highest in twenty years.
7)
The weak
economy will be an important … issue(विषय/समस्या/ मुद्दा)..in the next election.
8)
In 2002,
there was still evidence of … racial(जातीय) …discrimination in the United States. African
Americans were paying higher interest rates on mortgages than white homeowners
with similar incomes and jobs.
9)
In 1985, the
World Health Organization … committed
(प्रतिबद्ध/समर्पित) ….itself to eliminating polio in the Americans. In
1991, the goal was achieved.
10)
If public
support for the present government continues to fall, it is … likely(कदाचित/सम्भाव्य/हुन सक्ने) …..to lose the election next year.
5. VOCABULARY STUDY:WORDS IN CONTEXT(2074 see)
Complete the
sentences with words from the list below.
|
i. fertile ii. climate iii.
arid iv.
efficient v. roots vi. evaporate vii. measures viii. species
ix.
mortality x. crop |
1)
Irrigation
can change … arid(सूखा/बाँझो) ….land into productive farmland.
2)
In an attempt
to make their land more … fertile(उर्बर, मलिलो) ….,Aral Sea
farmers used chemicals that ultimately damaged the soil.
3)
Our new
air-conditioning system is much more … efficient
(प्रभाबकारि) …than the one it replaced. It cools faster and uses 25 percent less energy.
4)
The … climate(वातावरण) ……in some areas of the United States is quite
extreme, with hot summers and very cold winters.
5)
The …root(जरा
)…..of this plant do not reach deep into the soil. Tthat’s why it will not grow
in regions with little rainfall.
6)
The lesson of
the Aral Sea is this: Apparently reasonable …measures
(उपायहरू/ मापदण्ड) ….taken to develop an economy can have disastrous
ecological consequences.
7)
In the Aral
Sea region, the high … mortality(मर्ने प्रक्रिती/ मृत्युको अनुपात) ….rate in young children has been
linked to chemical pesticides that have contaminated the drinking water.
8)
It is very
risky when people come to depend on one …crop(अन्न, बाली/ खेति)…. for their
daily nutrition. If it fails, they could face starvation.
9)
It’s wasteful
to water your garden at noon on a sunny day in the summer because a lot of the
water will simply …..evaporate(बाफ बनेर उडेर जानु)….
10)
After a
century of being huunted, the blue whale, the largest animal on the Earth, is
clearly an endangered …species
(प्रजाति)…..
6. Complete the sentences with words from the list
below.
|
i. combine ii. vary iii.
relevant to iv.
gender v.
equivalent vi.
refers to vii. component viii. colleagues
ix. appropriate x. phrase |
1)
The teacher
advised me that I could improve my paper by cutting out three paragraphs that
were not … relevant to(उपयुक्त/ प्रासंगिक) ….the topic.
2)
Knowing the
grammar rules of our native language enables us to … combine(मिलाउनु/ मिश्रित गर्नु/ सम्मिश्रण
बनाउनु) …words to form phrases and
phrases to form sentences.
3)
In British
English, lift is the … equivalent(तुल्यार्थक शब्द/ उस्तै) …of the
American English elevator.
4)
In the United
States, it is illegal for an employer to use a person’s … gender(लिङ्ग भेद/जाति) …as a reason
for not promoting the worker to a position of more responsibility.
5)
When you
write, it is a good idea to … vary(बदल्नु) ….the length of your sentences. It makes your text
less boring and easier to read.
6)
A CD player
is an essential … component(भाग/अंग/अंश/ टुक्रा) …of a sound system.
7)
“Government
of the people, by the people, for the people” is a famous … phrase(वाक्य/उक्ति/भनाई) …form a speech by Abraham Lincoln.
8)
John has just
retired after thirty-five years at the university. His …colleague(सहकर्मी/सहपाठी)….in the
Chemistry Department have named a new lab for him.
9)
The term between-group variation … refers to(बुझाउँछ/ उद्घृत गर्नु/ इशारा
गर्नु/ सूचित गर्नु )….linguistic changes
that distinguish members of one group from those of another group.
10)
Asking
questions in class is considered … appropriate(उपयुक्त/ उपयुक्त, उचित, ठीक,
सुहाउँदो).behavior for students in some
cultures. In other cultures, the same behavior is not acceptable.
7. From the list below, find the noun that best
continues an idea from the first sentence of each item.
|
i. change ii.
progress iii.
discovery iv. risk v. link vi. lack vii. increase viii. requirement ix. prediction x. assistance |
1)
The condition
of the patient has improved in the last twenty-four hours. This … progress(प्रगती/गति) …
2)
The public’s
opinion of the president is more negative than it was six months ago. This … change(परिवर्तन) …
3)
In 1960,
researchers found the remains of tenth-century Norwegian houses in Canada. This
… discovery(खोज/आविष्कार) ….Some medical experts believe that there may be a
connection between heart disease and bacteria. This … link(सम्बन्ध) ….
4)
The chance of
catching malaria is especially high in some tropical countries. This … risk(जोखिम/खतरा/संकट) ….
5)
To graduate
from that university, you need to take at least three computer classes. This … requirement(आवश्यकता) …
6)
In the
1970’s, researchers said that people today would work only four days a week.
This… prediction(भविष्यवाणी)..
7)
In many
poorer countries, there are not enough doctors or other health workers. This …lack(कमी/अभाव) …….
8)
Wealthier
nations need to help poorer countries develop their health care systems. This… assistance(सहायता/मद्दत) ….
9)
The cost of
health care rose by 14 percent last year. This… increase(बढाई/वृद्धि) ….
8.
Complete the sentences with words from the list below.
|
i. tend ii.
regular iii. sufficient iv.
factors v.
diagnose vi.
expertise vii.
access to viii. treatments
ix.
prevent x.
survive |
1) A vitamin deficiency occurs when a person’s diet does
not have … sufficient (पर्याप्त )…….vitamins to maintain good health.
2) We need to … diagnose (रोग पत्ता लगाउनु) …..heart disease as early as possible if we want to increase our chances of treating it successfully.
3) Because early diagnosis is important, you should have
… regular (नियमित) ……examinations by your doctor.
4) Some people … tend (ध्यान दिनु) …not to think about their health until they become
ill. Clearly they still don’t understand the importance of prevention.
5) Stress and smoking are … factors
(कारक)….that increase the risk of heart disease. Two others
are diabetes and high blood pressure.
6) Medical scientists are researching new ways to fight
cancer. Some of these … treatments
(उपचार)…have been successful in studies on human patients.
7) Because of modern medicine, many people … survive (जीवित रहनु) …diseases and
injuries that would have killed them several decades ago.
8) It is possible to get excellent medical care in the
United States. However, many other don’t have … access
to (पहुँच) …such care because they have no health insurance.
9) It takes many years of study, training, and hard work
to develop the … expertise
(विशेषज्ञता) ….that is needed to become a world-class heart
surgeon.
10)
Health
education teaches people to help … prevent
(बचाउनु) …disease, for example, by following a healthy diet
and exercising regularly.
9. Decide
which form of the verb, the active or the passive, correctly completes each
sentence.
1. In the
trial, a number of seriously ill patients……………with a new cancer drug.
a. are being treated b. are treating
2. At first, the governments of most
countries………..…the dangers of HIV/AIDS to public health.
a.
were underestimated b. underestimated
3. Unlike
traditional drugs, which attack all cells, this new drug …..to attack cancer
cells exclusively.
a. has been developed
b. has developed
4. What
…………….in the field of gene therapy in the last
ten years ?
a. has been
achieved b. has achieved
5. ……..that
deaths from heart disease will increase in poorer countries over the next
thirty years.
a. it is expected b.
it expects
6. In 1999,
an eighteen-year-old participant, Jesse Gelsinger, dies in a gene-therapy
experiment. His death showed that the researchers ……….the risks of their
procedure.
a. had not
been adequately assessed b. had not adequately
assessed
7. Since
AIDS first appeared, governments ……………enormous sums of money for research into
the disease.
a. have been
spent b. have spent
8. some
married couples decide not to have children after they ……………that their children
would run a 50 percent risk of
inheriting the gene for huntinfton’s disease, a rare but fatal neurological
disorder.
a. are informed b.
inform
9. because
of rising costs in the 1990’s the
British government …………… the number of
hospital beds that were available for the patients.
a. was reduced b. reduced
10. in 1985,
the World Health Organization decided to work toward eliminating polio in the
Americas. The goal ………….in 1999. When the last case of polio was successfully
treated in Peru.
a. was achieved b. achieved
10. Complete the sentences with words from the list
below.
|
i. assess ii.
conduct iii. eliminate iv.
fatal v. cautious vi. profit vii. potential viii. evidence ix. determine x. ignore |
1)
Before
researchers start to test new treatments on human subjects, they need to … determine (निर्धारण गर्नु/ निश्चित गर्नु/ निर्णय लिनु)..the possible risk to their subjects.
2)
In assessing
risks to their human subjects. Researchers should be extremely … cautious (सावधान/होशियार/सजग रहनु)… it’s
better to overstate than to understate the possible dangers.
3)
In 1967, the
World Health Organization began a program whose goal was to … eliminate (समाप्त गर्नु/ उन्मूलन गर्नु) ….smallpox.
In 1979, doctors treated the last case of wild smallpox.
4)
Malaria is a
disease that can be … fatal.(
घातक/ भयानक) if it is not
treated in time, it kills over a million children under five every year.
5)
After a new drug is developed and tested on animals,
the next step is to … conduct (चलाउनु/गर्नु/ सञ्चालन गर्नु) …clinical trials with human subjects.
6)
One purpose
of clinical trials is to … assess (मूल्याङ्कन/ आकलन गर्नु) …if a new drug is beneficial for the treatment of a
medical condition.
7)
This new
discovery has the potential (सम्भावना भएको) to revolutionize the treatment of disease. However,
it may take years before we know if our hopes are justified.
8)
A low fever
in a child is usually not a cause for alarm. But don’t … ignore
(बेवास्ता गर्नु /ध्यान नदिनु) ….it! keep an
eye on the fever. If it gets worse, call your doctor.
9)
Drug
companies often invest millions of dollars to research a new drug before they
start making a … profit (फाईदा/लाभ)
.from selling the drug.
10)
The results
of genetic tests are now used as … evidence (तथ्य/प्रमाण, संकेत)..in criminal trials. Sometimes such tests can show
conclusively who did or did not commit the crime.
|
i. process ii. oppression iii. integrated iv. diversity v. in
transition vi. hardships vii. in succession
viii. declined ix. flow x. symbol |
1)Language shift is the technical name for the… process (प्रक्रिया) By which a group of people move from one first
language to a new language.
2)You know that an immigrant family is becoming integrated (एकीकृत/ मिलेको/)into its new society if language shift takes place in
its second or third generation.
3)One feature of Indian society is the… diversity (विविधता/ विभिन्नता) of languages
that are spoken there. The country has more than 1,600 different languages.
4)Many immigrants to America left Europe to escape the
religious … oppression (दमन/ अत्याचार/ कठोरता)that caused friends and family members to suffer.
5)Nineteenth-century Europe was a continent… in transition (एक बाट अर्को अवस्थामा परिवर्तन हुने/ संक्रमण)Machines were replacing workers in agriculture and
employment was rising.
6)The Statue of Liberty may be the world’s best-known… symbol (प्रतीक)of freedom. For millions of immigrants, it signified
the hope of better future.
7)For three years… in
succession (लगातार/ निरन्तर)in the 1840s, a new disease destroyed the potatoes in
Ireland.
8)In the late 1840s, the …… flow
(प्रवाह/अधिकता)of Irish immigrants into the United States became
very strong.
9)Before 1840, the population of Ireland had reached
over 8 million. Then it …… declined
(गिरावट/ कम हुनु/ घट्नु)rapidly
and by 1890 it was only 5 million.
10) Life in America had its own…… hardships
(कठिनाइहरू/ कष्ट,
दु:ख)for Irish immigrants in the 1850s.
Because of anti-Irish prejudice, they had difficulties getting good jobs.
12. Complete the sentences with words from the list
below.
|
i. flourished ii. collapsed iii. perspective iv. deteriorated v. intensified vi. withstand vii. fossil fuels viii. harvests ix. disrupt x. susceptible to |
1) Even though the earthquake was not very strong, some
older buildings… collapsed (भत्कनु /नष्ट /ध्वस्त भयो)…., many others
were badly damaged.
2) Weather forecasters are advising motorists not to
drive today because conditions on the roads have… deteriorated
(क्षतिग्रस्त/ बिग्रियो)…..rapidly in
the last two hours.
3) Mayan society developed and… flourished
(फैलियो/ बढ्नु /समृद्ध हुनु)……for a
number of centuries before it went into decline.
4) From the… perspective
(दृष्टिकोण)…..of the Mayas, the modifications they made to their
environment must have seemed like reasonable efforts to feed their families.
5) As the pressure to feed their people… intensified (तीव्र भयो)…….,wars broke out among the Mayas over the declining
resources of the region.
6) Mayan history shows how the pressure of human
population can… disrupt (अबरोध गर्नु/अस्त-व्यस्त गर्नु)……the natural ecology of a region and make it
unlivable.
7) The increasing use of…… fossil
fuels (जीवाश्म ईंन्धन) ….,which
releases additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, is one possible cause
of long-term climate change.
8) This piece of land is lower than the land around it
and does not drain very well, so in wet weather it is… susceptible
to (धेरै सम्वेदनशील/ सजिलै प्रभावित हुने)……flooding.
9) A number of ancient civilization collapsed when their
environment could not… withstand
(सहन गर्नु/सामना गर्नु)…….the
strain of supporting their growing populations.
10)
Because the
fertile soil of the Mayan hillside fields was eroded by wind and rain, the… harvests
(खेती/बाली/कृषि
फल)….declined disastrously.